Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) mawaƙiyar Amurka ce wacce aka yi la'akari da ɗaya daga cikin mahimman wakilan wannan nau'in adabi a duniya. Yayin da take raye, 'yan kaɗan sun san basirarta a matsayin marubuci, dangi kawai da abokai na kud da kud. Bayan mutuwarsa da gano rubuce-rubucen da 'yar uwarsa ta yi, an fara buga wakokinsa kusan 1800.
A cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, Emily Dickinson ya tafi daga ɓoyewa zuwa kasancewa mai dacewa a cikin duniyar waƙa. Wasikunsa da waqoqinsa suna nuni da samuwarsaSun ƙunshi labarun soyayya, abokantaka, na yawancin yanayi daban-daban da ya rayu. A cikin tsari da yada labaransa na waka, Lavinia Dickinson ya yi fice, Mabel Loomis Todd, Thomas Higginson, Martha Dickinson Bianchi da Thomas H. Johnson.
Wakoki daga Emily Dickinson
Lokacin da na ƙidaya tsaba
Lokacin da na ƙidaya tsaba
shuka ƙasa a can
don bunƙasa haka, gefe da gefe;
lokacin da na bincika mutane
kasan yadda yake karya
don samun girma sosai;
lokacin ina tunanin lambun
cewa masu mutuwa ba za su gani ba
dama ta girbe kwakwaf
kuma ku bar wannan kudan zuma,
Zan iya yin ba tare da bazara, ba tare da gunaguni ba.
Yanke lark-kuma za ku sami kiɗan-
kwan fitila bayan kwan fitila, wanka da azurfa,
kawai isar da safiya na bazara
ajiye don kunnenka lokacin da lute ya tsufa.
Zan iya zama ni kaɗai ba tare da kaɗaicina ba...
Zan iya zama kaɗaici ba tare da kaɗaici na ba
Na saba da kaddara
kila sauran zaman lafiya,
zai iya katse duhun
Kuma cika ɗan ɗakin
kadan a gwargwado
don dauke sacrament dinsa,
Ban saba bege ba
zai iya kutsawa cikin kyakkyawan zato,
keta wurin da aka ba da umarnin wahala,
zai zama mafi sauƙi ga halaka da ƙasa a gani.
fiye da cin nasara a tsibirin shuɗi na,
halaka da ni'ima.
Tabbas
Ban taba ganin kango ba
da teku ban taba gani ba
amma na ga idanun heather
Kuma na san abin da dole ne raƙuman ruwa su kasance
Ban taba magana da Allah ba
kuma ban ziyarce shi a Sama ba,
amma na tabbata daga ina nake tafiya
kamar sun ba ni kwas ɗin.
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Ana koyon ruwa ta hanyar ƙishirwa.
Duniya - ta Tekuna sun ketare.
Ecstasy - don azaba -
La Paz - fadace-fadace sun fada -
Soyayya, ta Ramin Tunawa.
Tsuntsaye, don Dusar ƙanƙara.
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Idan Ƙarfin hali ya bar ku -
Rayu bisa Shi-
Wani lokaci yakan jingina kan Kabarin.
Idan kun ji tsoron karkata.
Tsaya ce mai aminci -
Bai taba kuskure ba
A hannun Bronze-
Ba Mafi kyawun Giants ba -
Idan ranka ya girgiza-
Bude kofar Jiki-
Matsoraci na bukatar Oxygen-
Babu wani abu kuma -
Cewa koyaushe ina sonta
Cewa koyaushe ina sonta
Na kawo muku hujja
cewa har sai da na so
Ban taba rayuwa ba - dogon-
cewa zan so koyaushe
Zan tattauna da kai
menene so rayuwa
da rayuwa rashin mutuwa
wannan - idan kun yi shakka - masoyi.
don haka bani da
babu abinda ya nuna
banda kanwa
Takaitaccen bayanin tarihin rayuwar marubucin, Emily Dickinson
Haihuwa da asali
Emily Elizabeth Dickinson An haife shi a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1830, a Amherst, Massachusetts. Iyayenta sune Edward Dickinson - sanannen lauya - da Emily Norcross Dickinson. A New England Iyalinsa sun yi suna da girmamawa saboda kakanninsa sun kasance fitattun malamai, ’yan siyasa da lauyoyi.
Dukan kakansa - Samuel Fowler Dickinson - da mahaifinsa sun yi rayuwar siyasa a Massachusetts. Tsohon ya kasance Alkalin gundumar Hampton tsawon shekaru arba'in, na karshen kuma Wakilin Jiha ne kuma Sanata. A cikin 1821, su biyun sun kafa Cibiyar Ilimi ta Amherst mai zaman kanta.
Hermanos
Emily ita ce 'yar biyu ta Dickinson biyu; ɗan fari shine Austin, wanda aka haifa a 1829. Saurayin ya sami ilimi a Kwalejin Amherst kuma ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Harvard a matsayin lauya. A shekarar 1956. Austin ya auri abokin 'yar uwarsa, Susan Huntington Gilbert. Na karshen ya kasance sosai kusa da Emilyya kasance amininka da muse na yawancin waqoqinsa.
A 1833 aka haifi ƙaramar 'yar Dickinson biyu, Lavinia -Vinnie-, Abokin aminci Emily a duk rayuwarta. Godiya ga Vinnie - mashawarcin 'yar uwarta - muna da taƙaitaccen bayani game da marubucin. Hasali ma, Lavinia ce ta taimaka wa Emily ta kula da rayuwarta cikin keɓe da kaɗaici, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin mutane kaɗan da suka san aikin waƙarta a lokacin.
Aiwatar karatu
A cikin 1838, Kwalejin Amherst -Wanda na maza ne kawai - ya ba da izinin shigar da mata a cikin makarantar. Haka ya kasance Emily ta shiga, bayan shekaru biyu, zuwa Inji cibiyar ilimi, ku ya sami cikakken horo. Daga cikin fannonin koyo, ya yi fice a fannin adabi, tarihi, ilmin kasa da ilmin halitta, alhali ilmin lissafi ya yi masa wahala.
Hakazalika, a cikin wannan ma'aikata ya koyi harsuna da dama, daga cikinsu akwai Girkanci da Latin, harsunan da suka ba shi damar karanta muhimman ayyukan wallafe-wallafe a cikin harshen asali. Bisa shawarar mahaifinsa, ya yi nazarin Jamus tare da rector na Academy. A matsayinsa na ayyukan da suka wuce, ya sami darussan piano tare da innarsa, ban da rera waƙa, aikin lambu, fulawa da aikin gona. Waɗannan sana'o'in na ƙarshe sun shiga cikinta sosai har ta yi su a duk rayuwarta.
Muhimman haruffa ga Dickinson
Duk tsawon rayuwarsa, Dickinson ya sadu da mutanen da suka gabatar da ita ga karatu, don haka yi masa alama da kyau. Tsakanin su Jagoransa kuma abokinsa Thomas Wentworth Higginson ya fito, BF Newton da kuma Reverend Charles Wadsworth. Dukkansu sun kulla alaka ta kut-da-kut da mawakiyar, kuma da yawa daga cikin shahararrun wasikunta - inda ta bayyana abubuwan da suka faru da kuma yanayinta - an yi musu jawabi.
Mutuwa
Tare da hoton ciwon koda (nephritis, bisa ga masana) da kuma bayan rashin jin daɗi sakamakon mutuwar ƙanwarsa. mawaƙin ya rasu a ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1886.
Wakar Dickinson
Labarin Batsa
Dickinson ya rubuta game da abin da ya sani da abubuwan da suka dame shi, kuma, bisa ga makircin, ya kara tabo da ban dariya ko ban dariya. Daga cikin jigogin da ke cikin waqoqinsa akwai: yanayi, soyayya, ainihi, mutuwa da rashin mutuwa.
Estilo
Dickinson ne ya rubuta wakoki da yawa taƙaitaccen tare da mai magana guda ɗaya, yana nufin "I" (ba koyaushe marubuci ba) akai-akai a cikin mutum na farko. Dangane da haka ya ce: "Lokacin da na bayyana kaina, a matsayin Wakilin Aya, ba yana nufin ni ba, amma wanda ake tsammani" (L268).. Haka nan, kadan daga cikin ayyukansa suna da lakabi; bayan an gyara wasu an gano su ta layin farko ko lambobi.
Wallafa wakokin Dickinson
An buga wakoki a rayuwa
Yayin da mawakiyar ke raye, kadan daga cikin rubuce-rubucenta ne suka fito fili. Wasu daga cikinsu an buga su a cikin jaridu na gida Springfield Daily Republican, Samuel Bowles ne ya bada umarni. Har yanzu ba a san ko Dickinson ya ba da izini don gabatar da shi ba; daga cikinsu akwai:
- "Sic transit gloria mundi" (20 ga Fabrairu, 1852) mai taken "A Valentine"
- "Ba wanda ya san wannan ɗan furen" (Agusta 2, 1858) tare da taken "Ga mace, tare da fure"
- "Na gwada giya da ba a taɓa yin ba" (Mayu 4, 1861) tare da taken "Mayu-Wine"
- "Safe a cikin Alabaster Chambers" (Maris 1, 1862) tare da taken "Barci"
Daga wallafe-wallafen da aka yi a cikin Springfield Daily Republican, ɗaya daga cikin mafi mahimmanci shi ne “Aboki na kud da kud a cikin ciyawa”—ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 1866—. Daga nan sai aka dauki wannan rubutu a matsayin babban zane. Duk da haka, wannan bai sami izini daga mawaƙin don bayyana shi ba. An yi zargin cewa wani da ya aminta da shi ya karbe shi ba tare da izini ba, kuma ana hasashen cewa Susan Gilbert ce.
Karin magana (1890)
Bayan Lavinia ta gano daruruwan wakokin 'yar uwarta, ta yanke shawarar buga su. Don wannan, Mabel Loomis Todd ya nemi taimako, wanda ke kula da gyara kayan tare da TW Higginson. Rubutun sun sami canje-canje iri-iri, kamar haɗa sunayen sarauta, aikace-aikacen rubutu da kuma wasu lokuta ana shafa kalmomin don ba da ma'ana ko kari.
Bayan nasarar wannan zaɓi na farko, Todd da Higginson sun buga wasu litattafai guda biyu masu suna iri ɗaya a cikin 1891 da 1896..
Wasika daga Emily Dickinson (1894)
Tarin tsokaci ne daga mawaƙin mawaƙin—ga dangi da abokai. Mabel Loomis Todd ne ya gyara aikin tare da taimakon Lavinia Dickinson. Wannan aikin ya ƙunshi juzu'i biyu tare da zaɓaɓɓun haruffa waɗanda ke nuna bangarorin 'yan'uwa da ƙauna na mawaki.
The Single Hound: Wakoki na Rayuwa (The Hound Kadai: Waƙoƙi na Rayuwa, 1914)
Wannan shi ne bugu na farko a rukunin wakoki guda shida wanda yayarsa Martha Dickinson Bianchi ta shirya. Ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da gadon ’yar uwarta, saboda haka ta yi amfani da littattafan da ta gada daga Lavinia da Susan Dickinson. An yi waɗannan bugu ne da dabara, ba tare da an canza waƙa ba kuma ba tare da tantance waqoqin ba, don haka sun fi kusanci da asali.
Sauran tarin Martha Dickinson Bianchi sune:
- Rayuwa da Wasiƙu na Emily Dickinson (1924)
- Cikakkun Wakokin Emily Dickinson (1924)
- Sauran waqoqin Emily Dickinson (1929)
- Waqoqin Emily Dickinson: Buga na Karni (1930)
- Wakokin Emily Dickinson da ba a buga ba (1935)
Bolts of Melody: Sabbin Wakoki na Emily Dickinson (1945)
Bayan shekarun da suka gabata na littafinsa na ƙarshe, Mabel Loomis Todd ya yanke shawarar gyara waƙoƙin da har yanzu ya rage na Dickinson.. Ta fara wannan aikin ne sakamakon aikin da Bianchi ta yi. Don yin wannan, ya sami goyon bayan 'yarsa Millicent. Ko da yake abin takaici bai rayu ba don ya ga burinsa ya cika, magajinsa ya kammala shi ya buga a 1945.
Wakokin Emily Dickinson (1945)
Marubuci Thomas H. Johnson ne ya gyara su, sun kunshi dukkan wakokin da suka fito har zuwa lokacin. A wannan yanayin, editan ya yi aiki kai tsaye a kan rubutun asali, ta yin amfani da daidaito na musamman da kulawa. Bayan ya yi aiki tuƙuru, ya ba da umarnin kowane nassosi bisa ga tsarin lokaci. Ko da yake babu wanda aka yi kwanan watan, ya dogara ne akan canje-canjen marubucin a rubuce.